United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

the world. But the EU faces nevertheless formidable economic challenges. In the short-term, there is the potential for … strong macroeconomic weakening, resulting partly from uncertainty generated by the global trade conflict. The EU also has a … long-term growth and productivity weakness. Finally, the EU, especially the euro area, suffers from a lack of convergence …

issues is resolved. Under a good set of scenarios, the EU should persist on its current course with some significant … EU will have to contend with a possible break-up of the multilateral trading system, requiring the formulation of a Plan … B. The EU needs today to put in place its Plan B, not only to prepare for a far less favourable trading environment, but …