Different from local sales, offering free shipping can be a strategic decision for the retailers/brands who sell products to overseas customers. This also significantly influences the carrier's pricing decisions because of tax policies in different countries/regions. In this paper, we consider...

The lack of harmonized carbon regulations across regions poses a significant obstacle to achieving effective carbon emission reduction, thereby underscoring the necessity for interregional carbon market connections. By employing a game-theoretical optimization model, this study examines the...

Remanufactured product, by definition, is the product with the same-as-new quality but a low cost because the components are usually reused and/or repaired. Consumers have doubts about the wastage status of the components so risk-aversion and quality untrust are incurred when they buy...

E-tailers such as Amazon and JD.com have long been criticized for the co-existence of copycat and genuine products sold on their platforms. Although many brands have developed blockchain-based digital manufacturing systems which can enable the traceability of the genuine products, consumers...