, which has caused layoffs of urban workers that dramatically changed the state of employment in urban China. One factor in … urban China in early 2000. We find that there are gender differences in the stock of social capital and returns within the …

nature of employment in urban China. The system of allocated, lifelong jobs (the iron rice bowl) that had previously … in China appears not to have been researched, no doubt because there was so little until recently. Using an urban …