Previous studies usually use child gender-related variables as instruments for fertility choices in households. However …, we find that without considering the effect of child gender, the traditional IV estimate of the fertility effect will be …

This paper tests the effects of fertility on household structure and parental labor supply in rural China. To solve the … ordinary least squares estimates show a negative correlation between fertility and parental labor supply. Using twinning as a … natural experiment, we do not find evidence on the negative effects of fertility on parental labor supply. By contrast, we …

the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth, household real income increases, fertility decreases, and … twin births, child sex composition, and family planning policies, to identify the causal effect of fertility on child …