Previous studies usually use child gender-related variables as instruments for fertility choices in households. However … one girl in the family will result in a 13.7% increase in the probability that both parents in rural households migrate to …, we find that without considering the effect of child gender, the traditional IV estimate of the fertility effect will be …

twin births, child sex composition, and family planning policies, to identify the causal effect of fertility on child … the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth, household real income increases, fertility decreases, and …. As a parallel development, empirical studies exploit multiple sources of exogenous variations in family size, such as …