supply shocks that have been used as external or internal instruments for VAR models …

novel identifying strategies and evaluation methods, we examine seven questions. First, how much have exogenous shocks to … sector oil inventories and how does this response affect the transmission of SPR policy shocks? Fourth, how effective were … SPR, as recently proposed by the White House, lower the global price of oil (and hence the U.S. price of motor gasoline …

prices are determined by shocks to the supply and demand for oil tankers, to the utilization of tankers, and to bunker fuel … costs. Our analysis shows that time charter rates respond only slightly to fuel cost shocks. In response to higher fuel … costs, voyage profits decline, as cost shocks are only partially passed on to round-trip voyage rates. Oil exports from the …

prices are determined by shocks to the supply and demand for oil tankers, to the utilization of tankers, and to the cost of … cost shocks. In response to higher costs, voyage profits decline, as cost shocks are only partially passed on to round …-trip voyage rates. Oil exports from the Arabian Gulf also decline, reflecting lower demand for VLCCs. Positive utilization shocks …

that historically SPR policy interventions, defined as sequences of exogenous SPR shocks during selected periods, have …