Domestic trade costs imply more restricted access to consumption goods in small and remote cities. By eliminating the fixed costs of firm entry and reducing the effects of distance on trade costs, e-commerce can disproportionately improve these cities' access to varieties of consumption goods...

Government subsidies to the manufacturing sector are popular in developing countries. This paper studies the long-run effects of a large-scale regional industrialization campaign in China, known as the “Third Front" (TF) construction. Motivated by national defense considerations, the TF...