Almost all dynamic production systems are subject to lagged productive effects, which are an often-ignored latent source of interference in the efficiency measuring process. Existing data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches rely on a static production environment. They can easily lead to...

Firms in performance decline may choose a wide variety of restructuring strategies for recovery. Different kind of strategies may have different implications for stakeholders, such as managers, shareholders and lenders. The choice of recovery strategies is therefore among others determined by...