We investigate the impact of host country risk on the expatriation strategies of multinational firms, using data on Japanese subsidiary firms in manufacturing industry in 13 host countries in Asia. We find that country risk is negatively correlated with the degree of expatriation and that,...

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it presents a very concise way of measuring fiscal stance. This procedure is based on the assumption that the ‘neutral change’ in the government budget can best be simulated with a long-term approximation of the underlying trend of total output....

Abstract Using taxation and household survey data, this paper estimates top income shares for Indonesia during 1920-2004. Our results suggest that top income shares grew during the 1920s and 1930s, but fell in the post-war era. We observe a sharp rise in top income shares during the late-1990s,...