[...]One important theme, common to both views, is thatinvestment is a fundamental part of the growth process.Investment … of human capital and research anddevelopment (R&D) expenditures are now routinely included inproductivity analyses … investment good since software code is adurable asset that contributes to production over several years.[...] …

microfinance services is based on the belief that these firms haveproductive investment opportunities and can enjoy high returns to … capital if given theopportunity... …

In an efficient economy, capital should be quickly (re)allocated from declining firms and sectors to more profitable … investment opportunities. This process is affected by the concentration of corporate control, which in turn is affected by market … institutions. We employ a panel of 12,000 firms across 44 countries to estimate the functional efficiency of capital markets. We …

refines – among others – the minimum capital requirements. In the lastyears huge silo-like structures for data acquisition … measurement of the risk exposure is crucial for theoptimal allocation of the scarce resource “economic capital”. In this paper it …

[...]Our analysis suggests that, when we look across banks, themarket risk capital figures provide little additional … thetrading account. In contrast, when we look at individual banksover time, the market risk capital requirements do appear … themarket risk capital figures reported by bank holding companiesare most useful for tracking changes in market risk exposuresat …

credit risk models. Inconducting this exercise, we consider how such a capital regimemight be structured if the models were … issues that would have to beaddressed in creating a capital framework based on credit riskmodels. In particular, we draw on …