The “End Racial Profiling Act of 2001” (ERPA) states that “nolaw enforcement agent or law enforcement agency shall engage in racial profiling” andmandates states to “collect detailed data on stops, searches, seizures, and arrests.” Wedevelop a stylized dynamic model of highway...

This article illustrates the commonly overlooked sample selection probleminherent in using rural classification methods that change over time due to populationchanges. Since fast growing rural areas grow out of their rural status, using recent ruraldefinitions excludes the most successful places...

The shrinking and ageing of urban populations is a worldwide phenomenon,and in Japan it is a central problem not only for the future but already atpresent. In contrast to the large, dynamic cities of Japan, the mass of smaller citieswith fewer than 200,000 inhabitants – in particular those...

Many countries around the world are experiencing a significant shift in demographic patterns towards an older population. The age composition of the labor force has also changed dramatically, often accompanied by sharp reductions in the labor force participation rates of older workers. These...

We develop a stylized dynamic model of highway policing in which a non-racist police officer exhibits a cognitive bias: relative overconfidence. The officer is given incentives to arrest criminals but faces a per stop cost which increases when the racial mix of her stops differs from that of the...

The German railway project “Stuttgart-Ulm” is part of the high-speed line between Paris/France and Budapest/Hungary as well as Bratislava/Slovakia. It includes the parts “Stuttgart 21” (abbreviation of “Stuttgart in 21st century”) and the new railway-line Wendlingen-Ulm (to cross the...

New York City is well-known for the special challenges itfaces in providing the largest urban population in theUnited States with quality affordable housing. The city’shousing problems are frequently the subject of intense debate.It is sometimes said that housing problems in New York Cityare...

[...]Although our analysis compares outcomes before and afterPRWORA, it should be made clear that because the formalstate plan for welfare reform did not take effect until 1999, weare not really evaluating welfare reform in New York City.Instead, our results primarily reflect the net effect of...

[...]One of the primary goals of TANF is to move welfarerecipients into work and economic self-sufficiency. Althoughstates were given much flexibility in how to achieve this goal, thefederal government imposed some guidelines in the form ofrequirements that welfare recipients be participating in...

In the field of housing economics, there is a long traditionof evaluating housing outcomes for the entire populationand various subgroups by tracking four key variables, orconcepts: the physical adequacy of the occupied housingunit, the number of people living in the unit relative to thenumber...