percent. 2 And the growth of world trade during thisperiod far exceeded the expansion of world output. Growth rates of …

This paper documents a robust empirical regularity: in the long-run, higher trade openness iscausally associated to a … within-country trade. Our main findingis robust to various definitions of unemployment rates and openness measures …. Thepreferred specification suggests that a 10 percent increase in total trade openness reducesunemployment by about one percentage …

whole surplus, leaving the peasants immiserated. Trade was sterile in that it was state inspired, and required to meet the …

application of agency theory to long-distance trade. This analysis explores an area not accounted for in the literature on French …

This paper examines the economic organization of the trans-Saharan slave trade between the fourteenth and the …. The commercial framework of this trade was integrated into ethnic, cultural, and religious systems, yet for its efficient … limit cooperation problems. This demonstrates that the organization of the trans-Saharan slave trade was economically …

realize enhanced gains from trade also depended upon the political status of regional economies operating and interacting … (through trade in commodities, capital flows, labour migration and the diffusion of useful knowledge) within a global economy …

.Yet even as this orthodoxy seemed to become embedded in a public policy of free trade and minimal government in the 1840s …

[...]In this article, we shed light on the globalizationof international production and trade by demonstratingthe … increasingly important role vertical specializationplays in international trade. We use case studies andinput-output tables to … calculate the level and growth ofvertical-specialization-based trade, which we define as theamount of imported inputs embodied …