There is ample evidence that women do not react to competition as mendo and are less willing to enter a competition … understand the underlying motives of women (and men) toenter a competition or avoid it. We use the Big Five personality factors … women who do notchoose competititive incentives \know" that they should not.[...] …

evidence thatthe effects of childhood disadvantage are more powerful for women than formen: pathways to social exclusion are …

We use monthly personnel records of a large German company to analyse the gender wage gap (GWG). Main findings are: (1 … significant impact on the GWG; (8) the gender gap in absenteeism is between 26 and 46 percent... …

have reduced, in the case of Belarus women activity rate has been practically unchanged despite an increase in the gender …Unlike in many other transition countries, where the gender pay gap has remained stable while female employment rates …

explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognisedthat they have significant gender effects. To the extent … that women earn less than men onaverage under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution … frommen to women overall... …

In Romania, the communist regime promoted an official policy of gender equality for morethan 40 years, providing equal … access to education and employment, and restricting paydifferentiation based on gender. After its fall in December 1989, the … promotion of equalopportunities and treatment for women and men did not constitute a priority for any of thegovernments of the …

In this paper, I offer a theoretical explanation of the robust gender differences in educational achievement …