after the introduction of the euro and shortly after steps taken by the Chinese authorities to liberalize the use of the RMB … paper shows theoretical and practical reasons explaining the current dominance of the US dollar and the euro in the … dollar and the euro are enjoying a near-duopoly as settlement and invoicing currencies in international trade. The stability …

economies (EMEs) on configurations between the US dollar, the euro and the yen. Given the difficulty that fixed or managed US … have a statistically but also an economically significant impact on the euro, and to a lesser extent the yen against the US … the appreciation of the euro against the US dollar in recent years. Interestingly, EME policy-makers appear to have become …

traditional portfolio objectives as debt to reserve ratios decrease. We empirically estimate optimal dollar and euro shares for 24 … reserve ratios, introducing transactions demand has a relatively modest effect. We also find that euro and dollar bonds act as … in Asia and Latin America, while the euro is a better hedge for sudden stops in Emerging Europe. We reproduce …