foreigners. We use a bank-level panel data set spanning all British and foreign banks providing loans within the United Kingdom … mix', domestic (British) loans of a bank expressed as a fraction of its total loan activity. We also study effective short …

Using a panel data set of syndicated bank loans in emerging markets, we find that banking sector reforms that improve … bank competition and facilitate bank privatization lead to lower borrowing costs, suggesting that these reforms improve … efficiency in credit markets. Reforms that tighten bank supervision, however, increase loan spreads, consistent with better risk …

This paper considers whether local bank participation exerts an impact on the spreads for syndicated loans in Russia … variables including information on local bank participation and the characteristics of loans and borrowers. Unlike earlier … local presence may influence a foreign bank’s monitoring ability and access to information about borrowers. We observe no …

bank participation, suggesting that domestic banks are less cautious in their risk management. …