Given that in Brazil there is a significant asymmetry in production and trade among states, this study had as objective to measure the border effect to the intranational and international trade, using it as an indicator of the degree of integration. Such effect measures the bias to the internal...

The phenomenon of child labor is widespread in developing countries and emotionally discussed in the media and public. At present there is a well-developed and fast growing economic literature on child labor which covers the various aspects of child labor. In the first part of the thesis we give...

Offset or industrial participation is a practice that is part of many large international transactions. In the event of a large international transaction involving the purchase of a product (e.g.: equipment or services), the company selling the product, is typically required to compensate the...

El acuerdo de la Unión Monetaria Latina (UML), firmado en diciembre de 1865 por Francia, Italia, Bélgica y Suiza, estandarizó la acuñación de monedas de oro y plata en los países miembros y permitió la libre circulación de las monedas nacionales en la Unión. En un influyente estudio,...

Las preocupaciones sobre un posible giro de la agenda de la política comercial mundial van en aumento. De hecho, incluso si los aranceles se encuentran en niveles históricamente bajos, las medidas no arancelarias (MNA) desempeñan un papel importante, y creciente, en la política comercial...