This study aims to explore policy implications, production and consumption processes between the airline and tourism industries. In particular, policy initiatives, product developments, innovation and consumption patterns are taken into consideration in order to identify the relationship between...

We model EU countries? bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst ?new? EU countries typically have lower ratings than...