liberalization and adhesion to the European Union. However, even today, these economies, and in particular Portugal, do not rival … country faced in the process of adopting new technologies. The numerical experiments suggest that Spain had consistently lower … barriers than Portugal and that the gap has been increasing since the establishment of the European Single Market. The last …

considerably dependent on agriculture. …

To remain viable, agriculture in each location must offer returns that are competitive with those from alternative … study examines spatial relationships in agriculture's profitability over time. Results show temporal and spatial convergence … agriculture, raising policy implications. …

existing members have been significant. Ireland and Portugal have experienced marked real exchange rate appreciation, but with …