This paper analyses the effects of tying arrangements involving IP rights on innovation. Tying, with its ability to temporarily exclude others from the potential benefits deriving from innovation, is pro-innovative by providing firms the incentive to allocate resources to realize newer and...

Die seit Sommer 2007 anhaltende Krise an den weltweiten Finanzmärkten, welche mittlerweile andere Wirtschaftszweige wie etwa den Automobilsektor infiziert hat, ist auch auf die Tätigkeit zumindest der großen US-Ratingagenturen zurückzuführen. Strukturierte Forderungen wurden zu positiv...

We model EU countries? bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst ?new? EU countries typically have lower ratings than...