degree of uncertainty associated with potential output in an environment of prolonged stagnation and deflation. Consequently … declines in Japanese inflation expectations. Policies undertaken by the Bank of Japan during this period did little to …

Did monetary ease in the 1980s cause Japan's bubble, as is often suggested? Drawing on both a new cross …-national consideration of the monetary policy-asset price linkage and a re-examination of what actually occurred in Japan 1985-1990, I … cause Japan's Great Recession? In fact, Japan's recession of 1990-94 was mild, and only a combination of policy mistakes …