The influential Scherer and Ross text (1990, p. 411) states that the “main question” in empirical industrial organization in the latter part of the twentieth century is Bain’s (1951) “collusion” or “agreement” hypothesis versus Demsetz’s (1973) “superior firm” hypothesis. Prior to the...

This paper examines the relationship between income and the extent of material hardship and explores other factors that might affect hardship. Using panel data from the Women's Employment Study, we examine the incidence of material hardship from 1997 to 2003 among current and former welfare...