There is no consensus about how globalization –trade and foreign investments – affects poverty reduction. Using … household survey data, this study contributes to the empirical literature on globalization and poverty by analyzing the …, full vertical integration and complete exclusion of smallholder suppliers. We analyze and quantify income and poverty …

The debate on trade and poverty is reinforced by recent studies on the role of standards. It is argued that increasing … to quantify income and poverty effects of such high-standards trade and to integrate labor market effects, by using … increasing standards, resulting in important income gains and poverty reduction. Our estimates indicate that poverty is 14 …

farming. The result indicates intra-household inefficiency resulting from gender and social norms and suggests potential for …