Distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks have emerged as a prevalent way to compromise the availability of networks/servers, which imposed financial losses for e-commerce businesses. Many defenses that mitigate the effect of ongoing DDOS attacks have been proposed. However, none of the...

Over 380000 tons of vegetable waste is produced annually in the “Campo de Dalías” zone(Almería, Spain), deriving from the diverse existing crops grown under plastic cover. Landfillscontaining this vegetable waste are a potential breeding ground for diseases and pests, they can alsobe the...

The methodology used for Economic Valuation of the Externalities generated by the Watershead Restoration and Erosion Control Projects in the Hydrographic Basins of the Mediterranean Slope, is based on the Replacement Cost Method. Environmental Economics, however, today offer us other...

Food safety problems such as the BSE and dioxin crises focused attention on traceability systems and the certification of such systems. This study analyzes the status and perspectives of traceability systems and certification schemes, and reviews their potential costs and benefits. Results...

The paper develops a framework to evaluate permits granted to firms under the Environmental Protection Agency's Project XL -- with emphasis on the novel air permit granted to the Intel Corporation. We describe the permit, the process that created it, and the types of costs and benefits likely to...

For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) presents the first real test of the wisdom of...

Background: Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) describe the probability that a new treatment or intervention is cost-effective. The net benefit regression framework (NBRF) allows cost-effectiveness analysis to be done in a simple regression framework. The objective of the paper is...

The paper presents a spreadsheet-based multiple account framework for cost-benefit analysis which incorporates all the usual concerns of cost-benefit analysts such as shadow-pricing to account for market failure. distribution of net benefits. sensitivity and risk analysis, cost of public funds,...

In this paper we derive a set of conditions that is both necessary and sufficient for the consistency of QALY based decision making with life-cycle preferences over consumption and health status. Cost benefit analysis is always consistent with life-cycle preferences over consumption and health...

Thanks to geographical conditions ideal for large scale cage aquaculture, Scottish Salmon Industry has grown incredibly in the last 20 years to reach more than 170,000 T in 2003.Despite strong improvements in all parts of the rearing technology, the scale of the industry raises fears among...