The theory of optimum currency areas states that the more two countries trade with each other, the better candidates … the integration process itself turns the countries into optimal currency areas. The potential increase in trade is … rate volatility on trade does not support this claim. Rose argues that the common currency effect on trade is separate from …

. Then amodified gravity model first assesses the empirical evidence for complementaritybetween FDI and trade then indicates … investmentare examined, then the effects of both FDI and trade on long-run growth are used toestimate for the effectiveness of trade … development. Finally, theregional impacts of trade on long-run growth indicates that the spatial advantages of thegravity model …

integration of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) with Western Europe. Adopting a two-stage out-of-sample gravity equation … approach to predicting East West trade patterns, a panel data set of bilateral exports from twelve EU countries to twenty OECD … European countries. In general, countries which are initially less well-integrated with the EU have strongest trade potential …

This paper is concerned with the determinants of international steam-coal trade. Most work in projecting coal trade has …-equilibrium models. Unfortunately, the competitive model of trade does not appear to account for observed and anticipated trade flows …. This is consistent with findings in the commodity trade literature that, although markets may behave in a rational economic …

The significance of standards in international agricultural trade is continuously rising. Due to their complexity …

are measured by the effects of international trade and FDI intensity of the economy. On the other hand, the process of …, in particular international trade depends on industrial policy structure. Increased export intensity leads to a decline …

The tradition of gravity models is in the analysis of trade flows with market size and geographic or economic distance …

Recently gravity trade models are applied to disaggregated trade data. Here manyzeros are characteristic. In the …-European piglet trade to assess their empirical performance andapplicability for single commodity trade flow analysis. The empirical … part favoursPQL but G2PM is a reliable alternative for other trade flow analyses. PQL andG2PM should become standard tools …

The recent proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has intensified the debate on their merits. A growing … literature has addressed this policy debate, focusing on the welfare and trade effects of RTAs and their likely impacts on the … multilateral trading system. Some view them as stepping-stones toward multilateral trade liberalization while others see them as …