This paper investigates the sources and size of trade barriers at the industry level. We derive a micro-founded measure of industry-specific bilateral trade integration that has an in-built control for time-varying multilateral resistance. This trade integration measure is consistent with a...

We estimate a version of the Melitz and Ottaviano [Melitz, Marc J. and Ottaviano, Giannnarco I.P., 2008, Market size, trade, and productivity, Review of Economic Studies 75(l), pp. 295-316.] model of international trade with firm heterogeneity. The model is constructed to yield testable...

What has driven trade booms and trade busts in the past century and a half? Was it changes in global output or in the costs of international trade? To address this question, we derive a micro-founded measure of aggregate bilateral trade costs based on a standard model of trade in differentiated...