The introduction of mandatory controls and a trading scheme covering approximately half of all carbon dioxide emissions across Europe has triggered a debate about the impact of emissions trading on the competitiveness of European industry. Economic theory suggests that, in many sectors,...

Successful cap and trade programs for SO2 and NOx in the US allocate allowances to large emitters based on a historic base line for a period of up to thirty years. National Allocation Plans in Europe allocate CO2 allowances in an iterative approach first for a three then for a five-year period....

This paper investigates energy efficiency policies in the UK with particular reference to the business and public sectors. There are a number of instruments already in place that aim to improve energy efficiency in these sectors as part of wider UK climate change policy. These instruments have,...