The different target of the time period has been established over the past two decades in the institutionalization of a single currency union in West Africa. Depending on varied reasons the proposed programs have always failed before the set timelines in respect of ECOWAS monetary unification...

In January 2007, U.K. Government debt to GDP stood at 32.5%. By December 2019 it had grown to 89.5% and the latest data from September 2020 show a government debt level of just over £2 trillion, while its debt to GDP level did increase to 103.5%. The Quantitative Easing program by the Bank of...

This is a summary of the paper entitled : “The Mean Squared Prediction Error Paradox”. In that paper, we show that traditional comparisons of Mean Squared Prediction Error (MSPE) between two competing forecasts may be highly controversial. This is so because when some specific conditions of...

Like many countries, Spain has gone through a series of financial crises, both before and after its industrialization. There are many underlying causes for these crises, as well as for the current Spanish downturn. It is worth noting that there are similarities between recessions throughout the...

The bargaining power of international banks is currently still very high as compared to what it was at the time of the Bretton Woods conference. As a consequence, systemic financial crises are likely to remain recurrent phenomena with large effects on macroeconomic aggregates. Mainstream...

As well as highlighting why unconventional and conventional accommodative monetary policies have been propagated as being crucial to achieving dual mandates and goals of leading central bank economies, drawing from lessons and experiences whereby accommodative monetary policies have been...

As well as a two-fold contribution to the literature as highlighted in their paper“, Financial Disruptions and the Cyclical Upgrading of Labor” (2017:8), and elaborated on by Epstein et al, the reconciliation of two quantitative limitations of current general equilibrium theories...

Libya’s popular revolution of 2011 has unleashed the potential for more diverse and inclusive growth. In the short term, the country faces the complex and costly tasks of rebuilding its economy, infrastructure, and institutions, and responding to the demands of its population, especially for...

Using both aggregate and disaggregate data, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of VND/CNY exchange rate (including exchange rate level and volatility) on trade flows between Vietnam and China. For this analysis, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied. In the...

Using both aggregate and disaggregate data, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of VND/CNY exchange rate (including exchange rate level and volatility) on trade flows between Vietnam and China. For this analysis, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied. In the...