During the 20th century, Western nations have adopted socialprotection as a way to stem conflict between capital and labor, and toensure economic growth. Measures such as employment protection,unemployment insurance, and wage bargaining have helped pave theway for an era of social stability in...

Verbreitete Armut ist nach wie vor eines der zentralen Probleme der arabischen Entwicklungsländer, das nicht nur auf begrenzte Erwerbsmöglichkeiten und geringe Einkommen zurückgeht. Große Teile der Bevölkerung verarmen auch deshalb immer wieder, weil sie keinen adäquaten Zugang zu...

Rationale. There is significant disparity in the pension expenditure-to-GDP ratio across European countries. This article examines the size of the Spanish pension system relative to those of other EU countries and analyses the drivers behind the differences observed.Takeaways. • In 2019,...

The International Labor Organization was founded in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles, which has as its mission the development of policy and programs for tions that work and employment opportunities. Its main objectives are to promote rights at work, promoting access to decent jobs,...

Background Thousands of shipments of radioisotopes developed in the United States (U.S.) are transported domestically and internationally for medical and industrial applications, including to partner laboratories in European Union (EU) countries. Over the past five years, the Environmental...

The dissertation involves an investigation into the circumstances of international competitiveness and how it is pursued by firms from different sugar producing and marketing nations. Understanding of competitiveness has primarily been pursued in terms of economic variables and market...

This paper presents results of a pilot study completed as part of the BestLog (Best Practices in Logistics) project. BestLog (www.bestlog.org) is a research project initiated by the European Commission (EC) and financed from the 6th Framework Programme. One of the project goals is to identify...

Small countries may benefit from the formation of a trade bloc, since their combined market power will enable them to manipulate the terms of trade. The question of interest is whether countries will benefit from the enlargement of a trading bloc, if trade liberalization induces countries to...

This paper identifies and analyzes the changes that have occurred in terms of territorial and commodity structure of agrarian trade (exports) of countries of the Visegrad Group (or V4 -i.e. Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia) in the period 1993-2008. In terms of methodological...

The European Union decided in June 2003 a new reform of its farm policy with a new step toward the decoupling of farm income support instruments. Available impact studies find that this reform will reduce production incentives, substantially for beef and to a lesser extent for arable crops. All...