. Many of the proposed privacy protection schemes do not give due consideration to the contextual, and more importantly …

In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between "openness" and "protection" measures … extent of the protection granted by policies rather than on the degree of openness of the economy. Given the huge size of …

protection based on the applied tariffs faced by each exporter. In order to do this, an index of trade policy restrictiveness is … computed, using the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index as the tariff aggregator. We also analyze the protection granted … to each sector by the existing tariff structure. In this report, we compute effective rates of protection that overcome …

elicited enrollments are essentially integer valued. We apply these approaches to Finland, where the protection of private …

– caused by a reduction in protection – is better than less trade. …

variation inthe degree to which such protection is provided. At issue is the fact that therevenues which in principle could … justify the ex ante provision of protection aretypically collected ex post. Protection having been provided, firms may …

disproportionate share of protection goes to declining industries. We show that if individuals' preferences exhibit loss aversion …, higher protection will be given to sectors in which profitability is declining. In addition, by making lobby formation … endogenous, we show that an industry will be more likely to become organized and lobby for protection if it has a loss. We also …