Caporale, GM; Gil-Alana, LA - 2005
series: inflation, real risk-free rate, real stock returns, equity premium and price/dividend ratio, annually from 1871 to …, but nonstationarity is found only for the price/dividend ratio. When the cyclical component is also taken into account … exception is the price/dividend ratio, whose order of integration is higher than 0.5 but smaller than 1 for the long …