A number of issues need to be considered when developing aggregated economic damage functions due to climate change … mechanism of vulnerability, (iii) the rate of technological advance and diffusion (iv) the issue of detection of damages and … illustrative model. The findings suggest that there is a significant upward bias in damage functions calculated without …

have successfully mitigated the consequences and minimised the damage to their reputations. Specific South African …

' vulnerability to energy supply disruptions. Crude oil is stored in geologic formations, or salt domes, located under these …

important issues concerning vulnerability to the disruption of oil imports: (1) The Middle East is not the major supplier of oil … countries, there exist vulnerabilities to disruption of the export stream of oil, (4) Vulnerability reduction requires a focus … proportion of imported oil present a vulnerability to {open_quotes}price shocks{close_quotes} and the tremendous dislocations …

systems that resolve these weaknesses. This paper describes vulnerability assessment methodologies used in ongoing research …

pressure and other variables related to damage by pyroclastic flow into underground structures, and vulnerability criteria for …