This background paper provides a general picture of the characteristics and dynamics of Global Value Chains (GVC) in the Commonwealth countries. The main building blocks of the empirical analysis are based on a measure of inter-industrial linkages between and across between 43 of the 53...

Bangladesh is set to graduate from the least developed country status. Currently, Bangladesh benefits from preferential market access at zero tariffs to the European Union under the Everything but Arms scheme but its exports will no longer be eligible after graduation in 2026. Policy makers...

At present there are 1425 tariff rate quotas (TRQs) notified by member countries to the World Trade Organization. TRQs were provided for in the Uruguay Round as a trade policy instrument to guarantee minimum market access for politically sensitive agricultural imports, and in some cases to...

Many studies show that Tariff Escalation (TE) lowers export shares in many of theprocessing sectors, given their higher level of protection. However, there are instances when the export shares of processed sectors are higher despite the existence of TE. We examine both these contrasting cases of...