At present, likelihood ratios for two-level models are determined with the use of a normal kernel estimation procedure when the between-group distribution is thought to be non-normal. An extension is described herefor a two-level model in which the between-group distribution is very positively...

Combating identity fraud is crucial and urgent as false identity has become the common denominator of all serious crime, including mafia trafficking and terrorism. Typical approaches to detecting the use of false identity rely on the similarity measure of textual and other content-based...