Full-text of this article is not available in this e-prints service. This article was originally published [following peer-review] in Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, published by and copyright Routledge.

The less-than-truckload (LTL) industry is highly competitive, with recent average profit margins less than 3%. LTL shipments are routed through a network of service centers and hubs. The performance of the entire LTL distribution network is highly dependent on the speed and accuracy of the hub...