Convergent evidence for detrimental effects of punishment on cooperation has been obtained in a wide variety of … environments, ranging from American students facing punishment in laboratory experiments, to Israeli parents facing fines for … arriving late to their child’s day care. We show here that enhancing the norm salience role of punishment can eliminate its …

. The problem of cooperation becomes even more pronounced when increasing the number of interacting individuals. Punishment …. Typically, punishment behavior is unable to gain a foothold ina population, while volunteering alone can efficiently prevent … interactions plays a pivotal role, which paves the way for the establishment of cooperation and punishment. …