revolution can induce oligarchies to increase the franchise, the threat of a civil war can induce a. country to dissolve … risk civil war to stay united. …

in Spain in 1905-1945, a period of extreme political polarization. We find that the outbreak of the civil war in 1936 was …

Richard van der Borght (* 1861 Potsdam, † 1926) war von 1892 bis 1900 Ordentlicher Professor für Nationalökonomie und … Krieg auf die wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse des Volkes einwirkt." …

the time of each war, and in inflation-adjusted "constant dollars" updated to the most recently available estimates of FY … each war as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the peak year of each conflict and of overall defense spending …