to attract or retain students by expanding school access or by setting higher teacher eligibility requirements or … in knowledge and skills of students. Establishing the impact of these policies and programs requires an understanding of …

and students' cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children's learning time … decreased severely during the first school closures, particularly for low-achieving students, and increased only slightly one … activities. The review shows substantial losses in cognitive skills on achievement tests, particularly for students from …