use of cash for transactional purpose. Bearing in mind that those various approaches do not always separate the hoarding …Despite the well-known difficulties to measure national euro circulations within the euro area, several methods have … been used to estimate the national demand for euro banknotes in France, such as key-based calculations (ECB capital …

) aggregate. We identify reasonable and stable money demand relationships for Germany, France and Spain as well as the EMU-4 …

recent years, the dynamics of M3 in the euro area have been driven by two factors: a strong preference for liquidity …. Equity market developments therefore appear to be a significant explanatory factor for the dynamics of M3 in the euro area … with European stock price developments, point to moderate but persistent excess liquidity in the euro area …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …Despite various payment innovations, today, cash is still heavily used to pay for low-value purchases. This paper … develops a simulation model to test whether standard implications of the theory on cash management and payment choices can …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …Despite various payment innovations, today, cash is still heavily used to pay for low-value purchases. This paper … develops a simulation model to test whether standard implications of the theory on cash management and payment choices can …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …Despite various payment innovations, today, cash is still heavily used to pay for lowvalue purchases. This paper … develops a simulation model to test whether standard implications of the theory on cash management and payment choices can …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …Despite various payment innovations, today, cash is still heavily used to pay for low-value purchases. This paper … develops a simulation model to test whether standard implications of the theory on cash management and payment choices can …

to understand the high shares of low-value cash payments in Canada, France and Germany. Yet, they do not perform as well …Despite various payment innovations, today, cash is still heavily used to pay for low-value purchases. This paper … proposes a simulation model based on two optimal cash management and payment policies in the payments economics literature to …

This paper studies the impact of credit rating agency (CRA) downgrade announcements on the value of the Euro and the … yields of French, Italian, German and Spanish long-term sovereign bonds during the culmination of the Eurozone debt crisis in … 2011-2012. The employed GARCH models show that CRA downgrade announcements negatively affected the value of the Euro …

French taxpayer. In the aftermath of the devaluation of the Franc CFA in 1994, and of the peg of the currency to the Euro in …