This article aims to establish how Muslim identities in Germany have been constructed by others and how they differ … from realities. Muslim communities have often been viewed with suspicion by majority ethnic groups in European nation … universal rights and gender equality and give political space to ethnic minorities. Mainstream portrayals of Muslim identities …

List of figures and tables -- Preface -- 1. The challenge of Muslim migrants into Christian-heritage societies -- 2 …. Anti-Muslim discrimination in the French labor market and its consequences -- 3. Solving the problem of causal … identification -- 4. Procuring a sample -- 5. Research protocols -- 6. Muslim characteristics that feed rational Islamophobia -- 7 …