marital status is related to quarter of birth by gender and race, also incorporating cohabitation as a separate relationship … born in the fourth quarter are more likely to be married than never married (marriage more likely than cohabitation), while …

after accounting for the impact of child penalties. While 2 ⁄3 of the total effect of cohabitation is due to partnered women … having higher fertility than unpartnered women, an income penalty of 5% is directly due to cohabitation, and not due to … children. Cohabitation also reduces women's propensity to work evenings and weekends, and to hold a second job. The effects are …