Similar to many sub-Saharan African countries, Sudan has inherited a dual economy in the immediate post-independence era where a large agriculture-based rural traditional sector coexisted with a small non-agricultural modern sector. This functional dualism remained until the first oil shipment...

Various approaches used in Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) to model endogenously determined interactions between agents are discussed. This concerns models in which agents not only (learn how to) play some (market or other) game, but also (learn to) decide with whom to do that (or not).

To exploit the economies of scale and scope in multi-product technologies, enterprises in advanced capitalist countries grew in the last 150 years in three directions. By substituting in the place of traditional entrepreneurs professional managers, they developed organisational capabilities to...

This paper suggests that, with the help of Concordian economics, the economic process can be studied through the perspectives of Production of real wealth; Distribution of ownership rights; Consumption of financial instruments (as well as the integration of these three perspectives). The...

We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between the traditional use of labor for production, versus alternative uses of labor for overhead, marketing and other expansionary activities, for studying the distribution of both factor income and labor income. We use our framework to assess...

This paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which are aimed at managing the business and economic risks and uncertainties. The standard example of risk management is finance and insurance but these only capture a small fraction of the business risk faced by a company in a...

This paper provides risk/reward evaluation and legal analysis of foreign investing under Cuban Law No. 118 (2014). Section I addresses dynamic changes in Cuba since 2008. Section II examines reforms of Cuban foreign investment laws. Section III explores investment options such as import/export,...

Conventional deadweight loss measures of the social cost of monopoly ignore, among other things, the social cost of inducing competition and thus cannot accurately capture the loss in social welfare. In this Article, we suggest an alternative method of measuring the social cost of monopoly....

The marketing and sales polices of Iranian crude oil have been revised and changed after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Production policy that drastically cut back production in order to maintain oil reserves for future generations. In terms of marketing Iranian crude oil, the new revolutionary...