European policies. Accordingly, the protection of critical infrastructures and in particular, the resilience of the energy … droughts and high temperatures. We investigate increases in the wholesale electricity price and price volatility and develop a …

radical measures, including a gas and electricity price brake announced. Overall, targetting of the measures in favour of …Germany has suffered an inflationary shock broadly commensurate with that of the Euro Area as a whole, with energy … current inflationary surge hits low-income households significantly harder than wealthier ones. In addition, exposure to gas …

%-point. This is however for a considerable part due to differences in the way gas and electricity prices are measured. The …Dutch inflation has risen steeply recently, despite unprecedented cuts in energy taxes and VAT, to a record high of 17 …% in September 2022. Energy has been by far the major driver of the inflation surge, but inflation has been broadening in …

market concentration) with its impact on electricity costs, and the elevated indirect taxes on energy. Inflation has had a … recovered. As elsewhere in the Euro Area, energy inflation has been the main driver of the Greek headline inflation and we … illustrate the various reasons why this has been so, most notably the high natural gas distribution costs (a consequence of high …

.4 at the euro area level. Energy price inflation is lower in France partly because the economy is less reliant on gas than … other euro area economies, but even more due to significant fiscal measures. The "tariff shield" on gas and electricity … in energy prices: energy prices contributed to raise annual inflation by 1.9 percentage points in France as compared to 4 …

been amplified by the functioning of energy markets, especially electricity, and price increases have spread progressively … inflation. The authorities have adopted significant measures to reduce inflation, especially in energy (capping gas in the … electricity market, limiting the gas price for consumers in the regulated tariff, lowering indirect taxes, or discounts for …

Italy's industries heavily rely on gas as an energy source, many energy-intensive sectors experienced greater producer price … taxes and VAT on electricity and gas. The right-wing government led by Giorgia Meloni elected in September 2022 has …Italian inflation has risen to 9.4% in September 2022. Energy goods have been the primary driver of the inflation surge …