supporters or to raise turnout. Estimates from regression, matching and RDD methods show no evidence of local governments … targeting areas of core support. Instead, investment goes disproportionately to low turnout areas, suggesting that politicians … use funds to increase participation. We confirm this hypothesis by showing that, in the following elections, turnout is …

One prediction of the calculus of voting is that electoral closeness positively affects turnout via a higher … electoral closeness matters: A one standard deviation increase in close- ness increases turnout by 1.68 percentage points, which … election day affect turnout differentially depending on the closeness of the race. …

2010 to show that the social democrats generally profit from higher voter turnout at the expense of the conservatives. We … deal with the endogeneity of voter turnout by using election day rain as an instrumental variable. Our particular …