different outcome emerges. The model is applied to the occurrence and severity of protests that followed austerity measures …

I examine empirically the role of historical political centralization on the likelihood of modern civil conflict in Sub … to document a robust negative statistical relationship between local long-run exposure to state institutions and … within-country long history of statehood is linked to people's positive attitudes toward local state institutions and …

exists in the use of alternative political technologies; for instance bribes by the rich and protests by the poor are likely … to be countervailing forces, and will both occur in polities with weaker political institutions. …

This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process … through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become … political institutions are associated with a higher propensity to use alternative means for expressing preferences, that is, to …

revolutions and mass protests. …