Although the process of innovation is a crucial aspect of economic growth, there is less clarity about the measurement of economically useful ideas. Determining the extent to which different types of institutions contribute to the creation of new knowledge is essential for a deeper understanding...

The relationship between the productivity rate of patents in the southern European Union (France, Italy, Spain) are analyzed, as well as the factors that generate new technological knowledge at the lowest level of spatial aggregation. Following a discussion of innovation in the European Union,...