Feminists claim that women have an affinity for citizenship beyond the nation-state, because of maternal pacifism, the long exclusion from the vote, and the need for transnational resources to pressure nation-states. To systematize why and how Progressive-era feminists developed a notion of...

Feminist international relations emerge late in the 1980s, challenging the discipline and reformulating the theories and improving the knowledge of global politics through the inclusion of gender and women's experiences. Prior to this, the study of international relations has been silent on...