Increasing female labour force participation has been a major change in the labour market, but there have been other substantial changes, such as the move to a 24-hour economy. Researchers have found that children were more likely to have emotional or behavioural problems when parents worked...

A positive relationship between income and child outcomes has been observed in data from numerous countries. A key question concerns the extent to which this association represents a causal relationship as opposed to unobserved heterogeneity. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of...