The shift from centralized to decentralized energy provision has created an opportunity for a wide range of distributed energy resources. In deciding how to best serve their long-term energy needs, end consumers face a plethora of investment options together with complex regulatory instruments...

As a developing country, Malaysia has always faced the problem of rural electrification in its islands. Rural islands cannot be connected to the grid as it is economically not feasible due to the low number of residents. The high greenhouse gas emission of the diesel generator is unfavorable to...