The continued development of distributed energy resources (DER), information and communications technologies is enabling a greater number of parties to participate in electricity markets. This review explores the various methods that DERs may utilize to participate in electricity markets, the...

Broadening democracy by lowering the voting age is on the political agenda in many democratic societies. Previous suffrage extensions suggest that there are systematic differences between what parliaments decide and what voters want with respect to enfranchisement of new groups. This paper...

This Discussion Paper analyzes the implementation of underground networks and their impacts on the energy and telecommunications sectors, through the main benefits, lessons learned regarding international benchmarking and an economic-financial analysis. The implementation of underground...

The recent ban on conventional incandescent lamps for residential use led Brazilian consumers to choose from three main lighting technologies: incandescent halogen, CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp), and LED (Light Emitting Diode). Despite the fact that their electrical performances are well known,...

In the growing electricity supply industry and open access market for electricity worldwide, renewable sources are getting added into the grid system. This affects the grid power quality. To assess the impact on grid due to wind energy integration, the knowledge of electrical characteristic of...

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) offer significant advantages by means of raising reliability of distribution system, providing clean source of electricity and reduction in fossil fuel consumption. However, penetration of DER in distribution system poses severe challenges for control...