support. We also find evidence of unemployment scarring effects: substantial experience of unemployment has long …

unemployment on the occupation-region level measured one year before the outcome. Rising unemployment is significantly associated …. Occupation specific unemployment drives this relationship, while the regional dimension is less important. The relationship is … driven by individuals with own past unemployment experience. …

approach that exploits regional variation in unemployment and compares babies born to the same parents so as to deal with …-percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate during pregnancy reduces the probability of having a birth weight less than 1,500 grams or of … cannot be attributed to the parents' own employment status. The results suggest pathways through stress and air pollution. …